VARIABILITY ASSESSED IN RED ROT RESISTANT SOMACLONES OF SUGARCANE GENOTYPE S97US297 IN R1 AND R2 GENERATIONS
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Published:
Oct 19, 2021
Page:
17-29
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SOHAIL AKHTER
Vegetable Research Station Sahiwal, Pakistan.
SALSABEEL RAUF
Oilseeds Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
BELQEES AKHTER
Soil and Water Testing Lab, Lahore, Pakistan.
MARIA GHIAS
Oilseeds Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
NAJMA PARVEEN
Maize Research Station, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
IQRA IBRAR
Maize and Millets Research Institute Yousafwala, Sahiwal, Pakistan.
SAJJAD ALI GILL
Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
QURBAN ALI
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
Abstract
The variability assessed in red rot resistant somaclones of sugarcane genotype S97US297 in R1 and R2 generations was aimed to investigate. Somaclonal variation provides an alternate to generate variability in the existing genotypes. Fifteen red rot resistant entries (somaclones) selected from R0 generation were studied in R1 and R2 generations in three replications using randomized complete block design (RCBD). The analysis of variance and different genetic parameters were calculated. Cluster analysis was done using Ward’s method. The somaclones showed highly significant difference in all the agronomic and quality traits except pol and purity in R1 generation. Whereas in R2 generation significant and highly significant differences were observed in all the parameters studied. A wider variation was observed in all the characters especially in morphological traits. Variance computed in the table indicated that maximum variation was found for leaf area, plant height, cane height, number of millable canes and cane yield. The genotypic variances for the said characters were 897.34, 142.23, 87.58, 75.65 and 59.57 respectively. Genotypic variance followed the same trend as of phenotypic variance for all the characters. High genotypic coefficient of variability as well as phenotypic coefficient of variability percentage was observed for number of internodes, number of millable canes, cane yield and cane weight. Heritability estimates in broad sense were relatively high for almost all the traits studied especially cane thickness, number of millable canes, cane yield, cane weight and leaf area in R1 generation whereas in R2 generation only plant height, number of internodes and leaf area showed high heritability. Two years studies authenticate that these are the somaclones which are on the basis of parameters studied close to each other and with the parent; however somaclones are resistant to red rot and parent is susceptible to red rot disease.
Keywords:
Sugarcane, somaclonal variation, heritability, genotypic, phenotypic
Article Details
How to Cite
AKHTER, S., RAUF, S., AKHTER, B., GHIAS, M., PARVEEN, N., IBRAR, I., GILL, S. A., & ALI, Q. (2021). VARIABILITY ASSESSED IN RED ROT RESISTANT SOMACLONES OF SUGARCANE GENOTYPE S97US297 IN R1 AND R2 GENERATIONS. PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 22(59-60), 17-29. Retrieved from https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/7089
Section
Original Research Article
References
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Nazir MI II, Danish P, Ahmad S, Ali Q, Malik A. Potential of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes L.) for phytoremediation of heavy metals from waste water. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020; 2020e006.
Shafique F, Ali Q, Malik A. Effects of heavy metal toxicity on maize seedlings growth traits. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020; 2020(e027).
Camussi AE, Ottaviano E, Calinsk T, Kaczmarek Z. Genetic distances based on quan¬titative traits. Genetics. 1985;111:945-962.
Heinz DJ, Mee GWP. Differentiation from callus tissue of Saccharum species. Crop Sci. 1969;9: 346-348.
Muqadas S, Ali Q, Malik A. Genetic association among seedling traits of Zea mays under multiple stresses of salts, heavy metals and drought. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal. 2020;2020 (e026).
Rana HI, Chaudhry M, Usman KM, Mazhar M, F. Role of Information and communication technologies in agricultural extension; Comparative study of present and future aspects in District Khanewal. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020(0e12).
Dhumale DB, Ingolc GL, Durge DV. Variation for morphological and quality attributes in clones of callus regenerants in sugarcane. Ind J Genet Plant Breed. 1994;53(3):317-320.
Khan IA, Dahot MU, Seema N, Yasmin S, Bibi S, Raza S, Khatri A. Genetic variability in sugarcane plantlets developed through in vitro mutagenesis. Pak J Bot. 2009;41(1):153-166.
Ali Q, Khalil R, Nadeem M, Hafeez MM, Malik A. Antibacterial, antioxidant activities and association among plant growth related traits of Lepidium draba. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020; 2020e011.
Asif S Ali Q, Malik A. Evaluation of salt and heavy metal stress for seedling traits in wheat. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020e005.
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Malik KB, Hussain F, Mehmood K. Standardizing the use of sugarcane hydraulic press for estimation of commercial recoverable sugar (CRS). Prec. Ann. Convention of Pak Soc Sugar Technol. 1993;207-217.
Steel RGD, Torrie JH. Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometrical approach. 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill Co., New York, USA; 1997.
Johnson HW, Robinson HF, Comstock RE. Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybean. Agron J. 1955; 47:314-318.
Robinson HF, Comstock RE, Harvey PH. Estimates of heritability and degree of dominance in corn. Agron J. 1949;41:353-359.
Rao CR. Advanced Statistical Methods in Biometrical Research. John Willey and Sons., New York; 1952.
Shahid MTH. Development of sugarcane somaclones and their genetic study for yield components, sucrose percentage and disease resistance. Ph.D. thesis, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2010.
Masood M, Ahsan M, Sadaqat HAF. Screening of maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines under water deficit conditions. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020e007.
Muhammad H, Ahmad A, Tahir M. Response of different phosphorus levels and application methods on the growth and yield of linseed crop. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;019.
Nadeem NA, R Ayyub, S Salman, S Shafique, F Ali, Q Malik, A. Role of rhizobacteria in phytoremediation of heavy metals. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020; 2020(e035).
Naseem S, Ali Q, Malik A. Evaluation of maize seedling traits under salt stress. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal. 2020;2020(e025).
Nawaz A, Haseeb A, Malik H, Ali Q, Malik A. Genetic association among morphological traits of Zea mays seedlings under salt stress. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020; 2020(e021).
Shafique F, Ali Q, Malik A. Effects of water deficit on maize seedlings growth traits. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020 (e028).
Chaudhary RR, Joshi BK. Correlation and path coefficient analyses in sugarcane. Nepal Agric Res J. 2005;6:24-27.
Keerio HK, Panhwar RN, Memon YM, Araien MY, Chohan M, Qazi BR. Qualitative and quantitative performance of some promising and commercial sugarcane varieties under agro-climatic conditions of thatta. Pak J Appl Sci. 2003;3(10-28):670-673.
Chaudhary RR, Chaudhary NK, Sharma RC. Path coefficient analysis in sugarcane. J Inst Agric Anim Sci. 2003;24:13-19.
Khan MA, Keerio HK, Junejo S, Panhwar RN, Rajput MA, Memon YM, et al. Evaluation of new sugarcane genotypes developed through fuzz correlation of cane yield and yield components. J App Sci. 2003;3(4):270-273.
Murty BR, Arunachalam V, Anand IJ. Effect of environment on the genetic divergence among some populations of linseed. Ind J Gen Plant Breed. 1973;33:304-313.
Das PK, Nayak BC, Nayak N, Parida AK. Genetic variability in biometrical traits of early maturing genotypes of sugarcane. Ind Sugar. 1996;46(9):723-726.
Deren CW. Stability and heritability of pith in sugarcane and its influence on yield. Plant Breed. 2006;109(3):242-247.
Ali M, Rafique F, Ali Q, Malik A. Genetic modification for salt and drought tolerance in plants through SODERF3. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal. 2020;2020(e022).
Balqees N, Ali Q, Malik A. Genetic evaluation for seedling traits of maize and wheat under biogas wastewater, sewage water and drought stress conditions. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020(e038).
Bashir A, Ali Q, Rashid M, Malik A. CRISPR/CAS9 in genome editing: A nature gifted molecualr tool. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020(e018).
Doule RB. Cane yield and quality characters of some promising somaclonal variants of sugarcane. Sugar Tech. 2006; 8(2-3):191-193.
Ghandi SM, Sanghai AK, Nathawat KS, Bhatnagar MP. Genotypic variability and correlation coefficient to grain yield and a few other quantitative characters in Indian wheat. Ind J Genet Plant Breed. 1964; 24(1):1-8.
Ghafoor M, Ali Q, Malik A. Effects of salicylic acid priming for salt stress tolerance in wheat. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020(e024).
Haseeb A, Nawaz A, Rao M, Ali Q, Malik A. Genetic variability and association among seedling traits of Zea mays under drought stress conditions. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal. 2020; 2020(e020).
Iqra L, Rashid M, Ali Q, Latif I, Malik A. Genetic variability for salt tolerance in wheat. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020( e016).
Tahir T, Ali Q, Rashid M, Malik A. The journey of CRISPR-Cas9 from bacterial defense mechanism to a gene editing tool in both animals and plants. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;e017.
Yousef F, Shafique F, Ali Q, Malik A. Effects of salt stress on the growth traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020(e029).
Siddiqui SH, Khatri A, Khan AI, Javed MA, Dhar NA, Nizamani GS. In vitro cultures; A source of genetic variability and an aid to sugarcane improvement. Pak J Agric Res. 1994;15:127-133.
Kashif M, Khan FA. Divergence in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Based on yield and quality traits. Pak J Bot. 2007;39(5):1559-1563.
Khan IA, Dahot MU, Khatri A. Study of genetic variability in sugarcane induced through mutation breeding. Pak J Bot. 2007;39(5):1489-1501.
Percy RG, Turcotte EL. Inheritance of male sterile mutants MS13 in pima cotton. Crop Sci. 1991;31:1520-1521.
Kamran Ali Q, Malik A. Genetic evaluation of legume species under heavy metal and biogas wastewater treatments. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal. 2021;2021(1):e001.
Sahi BK, Shah SS, Patel KA. Variability in early varieties of sugarcane in plant and ratoon crops. Ind J Genet Plant Breed. 1977;37:496-500.
Singh BD. Plant Breeding. 5th ed. Kalyani Publishers, Rajender Nagar, Ludhiana, India. 1993;102, 104.
Tyagi SD, Singh DN. Studies on genetic variability for stalk characters in sugarcane. Ind. Sugar. 1998;XL(8):259-262.
Pandey RA. Variability study in the hybrid progenies of sugarcane (Saccharum complex). Bhartiya Sugar. 1989:49-51.
Singh AP, Chatterjee A, Nema GK. Genetic variability in sugarcane (Sacchrum sp. Complex.). Crop Res. (Hisar). 1996; 12(2):162-164.
Kumar S, Ram B. Genetic variability, heritability and correlations in hybrid x species progenies of sugarcane grown under saline conditions. Sugarcane. 1996; 2(5):17-19.
Rajib D, Ghoshal SK, Ray BR, Mazumdar D. Study of correlation and path analysis in relation to cane and sugar yield of sugarcane. Sugar Tech. 2007;9(4):293-299.
Sabitha N, Rao KP, Rao CP, Rao MS. Genetic variation, heritability and genetic advance for yield components in sugarcane. Sugar Tech. 2007;9(4):290-292.
Singh RK, Singh S. Early evaluation of crosses for varietal improvement in sugarcane. Sugarcane. 1994;3:17-21.
Gravois KA, Milligan SB, Martin FA. Additive genetic effects for sugarcane components and implications for hybridization. Trop Agric. 1991;68:376–380.
Peixoto TC, Jr Machado RCG, Deotti R. Novas tecnicas de melhoramento. In: Semindrio de Tecnologia Agronomica, 2, Copersucar, Piracicaba. 1984;119-149.
Khan SJ, Khan MA, Ahmad HK, Khan RD, Zafar Y. Somaclonal variation in sugarcane through tissue culture and subsequent screening for salt tolerance. Asian J Plant Sci. 2004;3(3):330-334.
Ishaque A, Ishaque S, Arif A, Abbas HG. Toxic effects of lead on fish and human. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal. 2020;2020(1):e045.
Ejaz RM, Ahmad S, Ali M, Choudhry HS. Anti-biofilm potential of menthol purified from Mentha piperita L. (Mint). Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;202(e037).
Danish P, Ali QH, MM, Malik A. Antifungal and antibacterial activity of aloe vera plant extract. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020e003.
Mamun MA, Skidar MBH, Paul DK, Rehman MM, Islam M. In vitro micropropagation of some important sugarcane varieties of Bangladesh. Asian J Plant Sci. 2004;3(6):666-669.
MSTAT-C Mannual. Serial No.1998 Micro Computer Statistical Progaramme. Michigan State Univeristy; 1992.
Nair NV, Somarajan KG, Balasundaram N. Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in Saccharum officinarum. Int Sugarcane J. 1980;32:275-276.
Larkin PJ, Scowcroft WR. Somaclonal variation: A novel source of variability from cell cultures for plant improvement. Theor Appl Genet. 1981;60:197-214.
Brown AHD, Daniels J, BHD Latter.. Quantitative genetics of sugarcane 11. Correlation analysis of continuous character in relation to hybrid sugarcane breeding. Theor Appl Genet. 1969;39:478-481.
Nazir MI II, Danish P, Ahmad S, Ali Q, Malik A. Potential of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes L.) for phytoremediation of heavy metals from waste water. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020; 2020e006.
Shafique F, Ali Q, Malik A. Effects of heavy metal toxicity on maize seedlings growth traits. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020; 2020(e027).
Camussi AE, Ottaviano E, Calinsk T, Kaczmarek Z. Genetic distances based on quan¬titative traits. Genetics. 1985;111:945-962.
Heinz DJ, Mee GWP. Differentiation from callus tissue of Saccharum species. Crop Sci. 1969;9: 346-348.
Muqadas S, Ali Q, Malik A. Genetic association among seedling traits of Zea mays under multiple stresses of salts, heavy metals and drought. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal. 2020;2020 (e026).
Rana HI, Chaudhry M, Usman KM, Mazhar M, F. Role of Information and communication technologies in agricultural extension; Comparative study of present and future aspects in District Khanewal. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020(0e12).
Dhumale DB, Ingolc GL, Durge DV. Variation for morphological and quality attributes in clones of callus regenerants in sugarcane. Ind J Genet Plant Breed. 1994;53(3):317-320.
Khan IA, Dahot MU, Seema N, Yasmin S, Bibi S, Raza S, Khatri A. Genetic variability in sugarcane plantlets developed through in vitro mutagenesis. Pak J Bot. 2009;41(1):153-166.
Ali Q, Khalil R, Nadeem M, Hafeez MM, Malik A. Antibacterial, antioxidant activities and association among plant growth related traits of Lepidium draba. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020; 2020e011.
Asif S Ali Q, Malik A. Evaluation of salt and heavy metal stress for seedling traits in wheat. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020e005.
Peng SY. The control of established weeds with foliage applied herbicides. In the biology and control of weeds in sugarcane. Elsevior Sci. Publ BV, P.O Box-330, 1000 AH, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 1984;177-208.
Meade GP, Chen JCP. Meade-Chen Cane Sugar hand-book. 10th edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York; 1977.
Malik KB, Hussain F, Mehmood K. Standardizing the use of sugarcane hydraulic press for estimation of commercial recoverable sugar (CRS). Prec. Ann. Convention of Pak Soc Sugar Technol. 1993;207-217.
Steel RGD, Torrie JH. Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometrical approach. 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill Co., New York, USA; 1997.
Johnson HW, Robinson HF, Comstock RE. Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybean. Agron J. 1955; 47:314-318.
Robinson HF, Comstock RE, Harvey PH. Estimates of heritability and degree of dominance in corn. Agron J. 1949;41:353-359.
Rao CR. Advanced Statistical Methods in Biometrical Research. John Willey and Sons., New York; 1952.
Shahid MTH. Development of sugarcane somaclones and their genetic study for yield components, sucrose percentage and disease resistance. Ph.D. thesis, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2010.
Masood M, Ahsan M, Sadaqat HAF. Screening of maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines under water deficit conditions. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020e007.
Muhammad H, Ahmad A, Tahir M. Response of different phosphorus levels and application methods on the growth and yield of linseed crop. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;019.
Nadeem NA, R Ayyub, S Salman, S Shafique, F Ali, Q Malik, A. Role of rhizobacteria in phytoremediation of heavy metals. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020; 2020(e035).
Naseem S, Ali Q, Malik A. Evaluation of maize seedling traits under salt stress. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal. 2020;2020(e025).
Nawaz A, Haseeb A, Malik H, Ali Q, Malik A. Genetic association among morphological traits of Zea mays seedlings under salt stress. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020; 2020(e021).
Shafique F, Ali Q, Malik A. Effects of water deficit on maize seedlings growth traits. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020 (e028).
Chaudhary RR, Joshi BK. Correlation and path coefficient analyses in sugarcane. Nepal Agric Res J. 2005;6:24-27.
Keerio HK, Panhwar RN, Memon YM, Araien MY, Chohan M, Qazi BR. Qualitative and quantitative performance of some promising and commercial sugarcane varieties under agro-climatic conditions of thatta. Pak J Appl Sci. 2003;3(10-28):670-673.
Chaudhary RR, Chaudhary NK, Sharma RC. Path coefficient analysis in sugarcane. J Inst Agric Anim Sci. 2003;24:13-19.
Khan MA, Keerio HK, Junejo S, Panhwar RN, Rajput MA, Memon YM, et al. Evaluation of new sugarcane genotypes developed through fuzz correlation of cane yield and yield components. J App Sci. 2003;3(4):270-273.
Murty BR, Arunachalam V, Anand IJ. Effect of environment on the genetic divergence among some populations of linseed. Ind J Gen Plant Breed. 1973;33:304-313.
Das PK, Nayak BC, Nayak N, Parida AK. Genetic variability in biometrical traits of early maturing genotypes of sugarcane. Ind Sugar. 1996;46(9):723-726.
Deren CW. Stability and heritability of pith in sugarcane and its influence on yield. Plant Breed. 2006;109(3):242-247.
Ali M, Rafique F, Ali Q, Malik A. Genetic modification for salt and drought tolerance in plants through SODERF3. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal. 2020;2020(e022).
Balqees N, Ali Q, Malik A. Genetic evaluation for seedling traits of maize and wheat under biogas wastewater, sewage water and drought stress conditions. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020(e038).
Bashir A, Ali Q, Rashid M, Malik A. CRISPR/CAS9 in genome editing: A nature gifted molecualr tool. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020(e018).
Doule RB. Cane yield and quality characters of some promising somaclonal variants of sugarcane. Sugar Tech. 2006; 8(2-3):191-193.
Ghandi SM, Sanghai AK, Nathawat KS, Bhatnagar MP. Genotypic variability and correlation coefficient to grain yield and a few other quantitative characters in Indian wheat. Ind J Genet Plant Breed. 1964; 24(1):1-8.
Ghafoor M, Ali Q, Malik A. Effects of salicylic acid priming for salt stress tolerance in wheat. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020(e024).
Haseeb A, Nawaz A, Rao M, Ali Q, Malik A. Genetic variability and association among seedling traits of Zea mays under drought stress conditions. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal. 2020; 2020(e020).
Iqra L, Rashid M, Ali Q, Latif I, Malik A. Genetic variability for salt tolerance in wheat. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020( e016).
Tahir T, Ali Q, Rashid M, Malik A. The journey of CRISPR-Cas9 from bacterial defense mechanism to a gene editing tool in both animals and plants. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;e017.
Yousef F, Shafique F, Ali Q, Malik A. Effects of salt stress on the growth traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020(e029).
Siddiqui SH, Khatri A, Khan AI, Javed MA, Dhar NA, Nizamani GS. In vitro cultures; A source of genetic variability and an aid to sugarcane improvement. Pak J Agric Res. 1994;15:127-133.
Kashif M, Khan FA. Divergence in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Based on yield and quality traits. Pak J Bot. 2007;39(5):1559-1563.
Khan IA, Dahot MU, Khatri A. Study of genetic variability in sugarcane induced through mutation breeding. Pak J Bot. 2007;39(5):1489-1501.
Percy RG, Turcotte EL. Inheritance of male sterile mutants MS13 in pima cotton. Crop Sci. 1991;31:1520-1521.
Kamran Ali Q, Malik A. Genetic evaluation of legume species under heavy metal and biogas wastewater treatments. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal. 2021;2021(1):e001.
Sahi BK, Shah SS, Patel KA. Variability in early varieties of sugarcane in plant and ratoon crops. Ind J Genet Plant Breed. 1977;37:496-500.
Singh BD. Plant Breeding. 5th ed. Kalyani Publishers, Rajender Nagar, Ludhiana, India. 1993;102, 104.
Tyagi SD, Singh DN. Studies on genetic variability for stalk characters in sugarcane. Ind. Sugar. 1998;XL(8):259-262.
Pandey RA. Variability study in the hybrid progenies of sugarcane (Saccharum complex). Bhartiya Sugar. 1989:49-51.
Singh AP, Chatterjee A, Nema GK. Genetic variability in sugarcane (Sacchrum sp. Complex.). Crop Res. (Hisar). 1996; 12(2):162-164.
Kumar S, Ram B. Genetic variability, heritability and correlations in hybrid x species progenies of sugarcane grown under saline conditions. Sugarcane. 1996; 2(5):17-19.
Rajib D, Ghoshal SK, Ray BR, Mazumdar D. Study of correlation and path analysis in relation to cane and sugar yield of sugarcane. Sugar Tech. 2007;9(4):293-299.
Sabitha N, Rao KP, Rao CP, Rao MS. Genetic variation, heritability and genetic advance for yield components in sugarcane. Sugar Tech. 2007;9(4):290-292.
Singh RK, Singh S. Early evaluation of crosses for varietal improvement in sugarcane. Sugarcane. 1994;3:17-21.
Gravois KA, Milligan SB, Martin FA. Additive genetic effects for sugarcane components and implications for hybridization. Trop Agric. 1991;68:376–380.
Peixoto TC, Jr Machado RCG, Deotti R. Novas tecnicas de melhoramento. In: Semindrio de Tecnologia Agronomica, 2, Copersucar, Piracicaba. 1984;119-149.
Khan SJ, Khan MA, Ahmad HK, Khan RD, Zafar Y. Somaclonal variation in sugarcane through tissue culture and subsequent screening for salt tolerance. Asian J Plant Sci. 2004;3(3):330-334.
Ishaque A, Ishaque S, Arif A, Abbas HG. Toxic effects of lead on fish and human. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal. 2020;2020(1):e045.
Ejaz RM, Ahmad S, Ali M, Choudhry HS. Anti-biofilm potential of menthol purified from Mentha piperita L. (Mint). Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;202(e037).
Danish P, Ali QH, MM, Malik A. Antifungal and antibacterial activity of aloe vera plant extract. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2020;2020e003.
Mamun MA, Skidar MBH, Paul DK, Rehman MM, Islam M. In vitro micropropagation of some important sugarcane varieties of Bangladesh. Asian J Plant Sci. 2004;3(6):666-669.
MSTAT-C Mannual. Serial No.1998 Micro Computer Statistical Progaramme. Michigan State Univeristy; 1992.
Nair NV, Somarajan KG, Balasundaram N. Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in Saccharum officinarum. Int Sugarcane J. 1980;32:275-276.