PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Climate Change and Drought Challenges in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) Cultivation- Future Prospects for Sustainable Production under Climate-Smart Agriculture

Saiprava Baug — 2026-04-10

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is a cornerstone of edible oil production in India, yet its productivity, is increasingly threatened by the rising frequency and intensity of drought stress. This review highlights the multi-dimensional impact of moisture scarcity on mustard, ranging from inhibited germination to significant yield losses. It also details the physiological and biochemical responses including stomatal regulation, osmotic adjustment via proline accumulation and the activation of antioxidant defense systems to combat oxidative damage, Furthermore, this review also explores the transition from conventional breeding to advanced biotechnological interventions such as integration of muti-omics (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and phenomics), marker-assisted selection (MAS) and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. By reorienting breeding programs toward climate-smart agriculture, this paper outlines the future prospects for ensuring sustainable mustard production and long-term edible oil security in the face of an increasingly unpredictable climate.

Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Banana Cultivars Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers

N. D. Apoorva — 2026-04-10

Analysis of genetic diversity using molecular markers assesses the genetic variation within different genotypes at DNA sequences among the individuals. Further, molecular markers in genetic diversity analysis are very effective due to their co-dominance, morphological neutrality, abundance, development stage, tissue and environmental independent expression. Genetic variations and relationships among fifteen important banana cultivars were evaluated using 15 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) primers. The result indicated that MAOCEN 12 had the highest number of alleles (5) and resulted the highest polymorphism among all the tested markers. Three markers, namely Ma 1-27, Ma 3-103 and Ma Gss 160 exhibited monomorphism. The polymorphism percentage was recorded in the range 0.0-100.0 % in all the used markers. Eighty (80.0%) per cent of the tested markers were found to be polymorphic in nature. The polymorphic information content (PIC) value varied from 0.00-0.374. The heterozygosity index (HI) and marker index (MI) ranged from 0-0.498 and 0-0.021, respectively. The resolving power (RP) ranged from 0.0-1.142 and discriminating power (DP) varied from 0.0- 1.0. The UPGMA cluster analysis of the banana cultivars were also done by using Dice’s coefficient and dendrogram was constructed. The tree distance in the dendrogram was 0.000-0.278. The fifteen banana cultivars were grouped into two major clusters. The tetraploid banana cultivar FHIA-01 formed one major cluster and rest all the diploid and triploid banana cultivars in another cluster. This study identified genetically dissimilar groups within the fifteen banana cultivars that revealed their evolutionary background. The outcome of the experiment will be helpful for germplasms management and planning for future crop improvement programmes in banana.

Biotechnological Approaches to Modify Flower Color, Fragrance and Vase Life in Ornamental Plants

Satendra Kumar — 2026-04-07

Ornamental plants are of immense economic and aesthetic significance worldwide, with global trade valued at hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Key quality attributes — flower color, fragrance, and postharvest vase life — are primary determinants of market value and consumer preference. Classical breeding approaches have been largely effective but are constrained by sexual incompatibility barriers, long generation times, and genetic complexity. Over the past three decades, biotechnological and molecular biological tools have emerged as powerful alternatives to precisely engineer these traits. This review comprehensively examines the current status and future prospects of biotechnological interventions targeting the three principal ornamental quality traits. In the realm of flower color, we discuss the manipulation of flavonoid and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways, transcription factor engineering, and the revolutionary application of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing. For fragrance modification, we explore the biosynthesis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including terpenoids, benzenoids, and fatty acid derivatives, alongside metabolic engineering strategies. Regarding vase life extension, we analyze ethylene signaling, senescence gene suppression, water transport optimization, and pathogen resistance enhancement. The review further highlights successful commercial cases, biosafety considerations, regulatory frameworks, and emerging genomic tools such as multi-omics integration and synthetic biology. We identify major research gaps and propose future research directions to accelerate translational applications in the ornamental plant industry.

Decoupling the Yield-Quality Paradox in Wheat through Integrated Rhizospheric Bio-Priming with NPK Consortia

Avinash Kumar Rai — 2026-04-07

The intensification of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) monocultures in the Indo-Gangetic Plains has precipitated a precarious "input-output" paradox, wherein escalating mineral fertilisation induces rhizospheric dysbiosis and severe pedological degradation. In these alkaline, calcareous landscapes, chemical immobilisation renders upwards of 80% of applied phosphorus and critical micronutrients, specifically Zinc (Zn²⁺), bio-unavailable, creating a profound metabolic bottleneck. This study interrogates the hypothesis that transitioning toward Microbial-Mediated Nutrient Canalisation via tripartite bio-inoculants can decouple productivity from environmental exhaustion. A field investigation was executed during the Rabi season of 2024 at KVK, Ghazipur, utilising a Randomised Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The high-yielding cultivar DBW-222 was subjected to seven nutritional configurations, integrating Recommended Dose of Fertilisers (RDF) with diazotrophic Azotobacter, specialised NPK Consortia, and Zinc Solubilising Bacteria (ZSB). Physiological growth kinetics (Plant Height, LAI, CGR), grain proteomic stoichiometry (modified micro-Kjeldahl), and post-harvest edaphic biological status (CFU analysis) were rigorously quantified. Empirical outcomes elucidated a significant hierarchical progression (T7 > T6 > T4 > T3 > T5 > T2 > T1), with Treatment T7 (RDF + NPK Consortia + ZSB) achieving maximal vegetative vigour: plant height (85.6 cm), LAI (0.75), and CGR (22.5 g/m2/day). Notably, T7 demonstrated a superior qualitative profile with Protein Content peaking at 11.4%, effectively decoupling the typical inverse relationship between yield and quality. Economic productivity reached its zenith in T7 with a Grain Yield of 5.5 t/ha, underpinned by a three-fold increase in rhizospheric bacterial colonisation (34.7 times 106 CFU/g) over the control. The integration of multimodal microbial consortia with mineral regimes mitigates the "biological void" left by conventional fertilisation, restoring soil ecological functionality. The synergistic interaction between NPK-mobilizers and ZSB optimises the Carbon-Nitrogen-Phosphorus (C: N:P) stoichiometry, offering a mechanistic framework for regenerative intensification in high-input agrosystems.

Next-Generation Breeding: Integrating Multi-Omics and Artificial Intelligence for Advancing Nutritional and Food Security

Sreeram Harshitha — 2026-04-07

Global food and nutritional security are increasingly challenged by rapid population growth, climate change, and the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, commonly referred to as hidden hunger. Conventional plant breeding approaches, although successful in improving crop productivity, are often limited by low precision, long breeding cycles, and inefficiency in dissecting complex traits such as yield, stress tolerance, and nutritional quality. In recent years, the integration of multi-omics technologies encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, phenomics, and epigenomics has revolutionized crop improvement by enabling a comprehensive understanding of biological systems at multiple regulatory levels. These approaches facilitate the identification of key genes, pathways, and molecular interactions underlying agronomically important traits. Simultaneously, advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have provided powerful tools for analyzing large-scale, high-dimensional datasets generated through omics platforms. AI-driven models enhance predictive accuracy, enable genomic selection, and support data-driven decision-making in breeding programs. The integration of multi-omics with AI has significantly improved the efficiency of biofortification strategies aimed at enhancing micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and protein in staple crops, while also contributing to yield improvement and climate resilience. This review synthesizes recent advancements in multi-omics and AI applications in plant breeding, with a particular focus on their role in improving nutritional traits and ensuring sustainable food systems. It also discusses key challenges, including data integration complexities, computational limitations, and phenotyping bottlenecks, along with future prospects for precision breeding. The convergence of these technologies represents a paradigm shift toward predictive, efficient, and sustainable crop improvement strategies.

Biotechnology and Its Applications in Agriculture: GMOs and Gene Editing

Kanneganti Raviteja — 2026-03-31

Agricultural biotechnology has emerged as a transformative force in addressing the dual challenges of global food security and environmental sustainability. The transition from conventional breeding to advanced molecular approaches, including genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genome editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas systems, has significantly enhanced the precision, efficiency, and scope of crop improvement. GMOs have contributed to increased productivity, improved resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and reduced reliance on chemical inputs, although their deployment remains contested due to biosafety, ecological, and socio-economic concerns. In contrast, genome editing technologies offer targeted and transgene-free modifications, enabling rapid development of improved crop varieties with potentially fewer regulatory constraints. Beyond these approaches, emerging biotechnologies such as synthetic biology, nanotechnology, and bioinformatics are redefining agricultural innovation through system-level interventions, precision input management, and data-driven decision-making. These technologies collectively enhance resource use efficiency, enable real-time crop monitoring, and support the development of climate-resilient agricultural systems. However, their integration into mainstream agriculture requires careful consideration of environmental risks, ethical implications, and regulatory uncertainties. This review critically examines the evolution, applications, and impacts of biotechnology in agriculture, with a focus on GMOs, genome editing, and emerging technological platforms. It further evaluates environmental implications, including biodiversity effects and ecological risks, alongside economic and societal dimensions such as market dynamics, public perception, and policy frameworks. The synthesis highlights the need for balanced innovation that integrates technological advancement with sustainability principles, regulatory transparency, and equitable access.

The Role of Transgenic Crops in Reducing Agricultural Chemical Dependency: A Review

Battala Sheshagiri — 2026-03-28

Agriculture has long relied on chemical inputs such as pesticides, herbicides, and synthetic fertilizers to maintain crop productivity, often leading to environmental degradation and health concerns. This review aims to evaluate the potential of transgenic crops to reduce dependence on such inputs while supporting sustainable agriculture. Transgenic plants, developed through genetic engineering, incorporate desirable traits such as insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and disease resistance, enabling crops to better withstand biotic stresses. Evidence from multiple studies indicates that insect-resistant crops, particularly Bt cotton and Bt maize, have contributed to notable reductions in insecticide use and improved crop yields in several regions. In some cases, these crops have also enhanced ecological balance by supporting beneficial organisms. However, the widespread adoption of herbicide-tolerant crops has raised concerns regarding increased herbicide application and the emergence of resistant weed species. This review synthesizes findings from existing literature to examine the extent to which transgenic crops reduce chemical inputs, their environmental and socio-economic impacts, and their role in modern agricultural systems. It also highlights key challenges, including resistance development, regulatory issues, and public acceptance. Overall, transgenic crops present a promising approach to minimizing chemical dependency, but their long-term sustainability depends on responsible management practices and integrated agricultural strategies.

Ganoderma Species: Diversity, Bioactive Compounds, and Industrial Applications

Usha Verma — 2026-03-27

The genus Ganoderma comprises a group of wood-decaying basidiomycete fungi widely recognized for their medicinal and pharmacological significance. Species of Ganoderma have been used for centuries in traditional Asian medicine, particularly in China, Japan, and Korea, where they are valued for their health-promoting properties. In recent decades, scientific research has increasingly focused on understanding the diversity, bioactive compounds, and therapeutic potential of these fungi. The genus includes more than 200 species distributed across tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of the world. Among them, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma sinense, and Ganoderma applanatum are some of the most extensively studied due to their remarkable medicinal value and wide industrial applications. Ganoderma species are rich sources of biologically active compounds, including polysaccharides, triterpenoids, proteins, phenolic compounds, sterols, and nucleosides. These metabolites contribute to a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and cardioprotective effects. Polysaccharides, particularly β-glucans, are known for their strong immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties, while triterpenoids such as ganoderic acids exhibit potent anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition to their pharmacological importance, Ganoderma species have significant industrial applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and environmental biotechnology. Advancements in molecular biology and DNA-based identification techniques have improved the understanding of Ganoderma taxonomy and phylogeny, enabling more accurate species identification and classification. Modern cultivation techniques and fermentation technologies have also facilitated the large-scale production of Ganoderma fruiting bodies and mycelial biomass, supporting the growing global demand for medicinal mushroom products. Furthermore, enzymes produced by Ganoderma, such as laccases and peroxidases, have important applications in bioremediation and industrial processes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of Ganoderma species, focusing on their taxonomy, diversity, morphological and biological characteristics, bioactive compounds, pharmacological properties, and industrial applications. It also highlights current cultivation practices and future research directions aimed at enhancing the utilization of Ganoderma as a valuable natural resource for medicine, biotechnology, and sustainable industrial development.

Adaptive Strategies and Molecular Mechanisms in Plants Exposed to Abiotic Stresses

Rahul Anand — 2026-03-25

Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, heavy metal toxicity, waterlogging and high-intensity radiations represent the most formidable constraints on global plant productivity, and are collectively responsible for crop yield losses up to 50% worldwide. Plants, as sessile organisms, have evolved an intricate arsenal of morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms to perceive, transduce and respond to adverse environmental signals. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current understanding of abiotic stress biology in plants, examining the nature of individual stressors and their associated cellular injuries. The overlapping and stress-specific signaling networks including reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, abscisic acid (ABA) mediated pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades and the transcriptional regulatory machinery, particularly DREB/CBF, MYB, WRKY and NAC transcription factor families are included. Physiological adaptation strategies such as osmotic adjustment, stomatal regulation and heat-shock protein induction are discussed alongside epigenetic stress memory mechanisms. Advances in omics technologies and translational applications for engineering stress-resilient crops are also reviewed. This work underscores the integration of fundamental stress biology with applied agricultural research in the face of accelerating climate change.

Assessing the Economic Viability of GA3 and Ethrel Combinations at Varying Concentrations for Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. ASN-115

Mokkala Siva Prasad — 2026-03-23

This study evaluates the economic viability of different combinations of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and Ethrel at varying concentrations for muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. ASN-115. The experiment, conducted from February to May 2021 at the Horticulture Research Farm, SHUATS, Prayagraj, focused on the effects of GA₃ and Ethrel on fruit yield, gross return, net return and benefit-cost ratio. Results indicated that T2 (GA₃ 60 ppm + Ethrel 150 ppm) recorded the highest yield of 27.61 tons per hectare, with a gross return of ₹276,164 and a net return of ₹166,170, achieving a benefit-cost ratio of 2.51, the highest among all treatments. T1 (GA₃ 60 ppm + Ethrel 100 ppm) and T3 (GA₃ 60 ppm + Ethrel 200 ppm) also showed significant improvements in yield and profitability, with benefit-cost ratios of 1.75 and 1.70, respectively. All treatments, including the control, demonstrated positive economic feasibility, with a benefit-cost ratio greater than 1. The study concludes that the application of GA₃ and Ethrel, particularly T₂, is economically viable and highly effective for improving muskmelon yield and profitability. This research provides valuable insights into optimising muskmelon cultivation through the strategic use of plant growth regulators.

Biotechnology Frontiers in 21st Century Agriculture: A Comprehensive Review

M. Ramachandra Naik — 2026-03-20

Agricultural biotechnology has emerged as a critical frontier in addressing the multifaceted challenges of 21st-century food systems, driven by a growing global population and the intensifying impacts of climate change. This review explores the transformative potential of modern biological tools, including genetic engineering, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, and multi-omics integration, in enhancing crop resilience and productivity. By synthesizing current research, the paper highlights how these technologies mitigate both biotic stresses, such as viral and fungal pathogens, and abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures. Beyond yield enhancement, biotechnology plays a pivotal role in nutritional biofortification and environmental stewardship, notably through the reduction of synthetic pesticide reliance and the sequestration of carbon emissions. The analysis further discusses the transition toward a circular bio-economy, utilizing agricultural residues for bio-refining and biodegradable packaging. However, the global adoption of these innovations remains uneven, hindered by stringent regulatory frameworks, public safety concerns, and policy lags in developing regions.¹ To realize the goal of a sustainable "Evergreen Revolution," the review emphasizes the necessity of harmonized biosafety guidelines and the integration of artificial intelligence with molecular breeding. Ultimately, biotechnology stands as an indispensable pillar for ensuring global food security, offering precise solutions to maintain ecological balance while meeting the demands of a projected population of nine billion by 2030.

Abiotic Stress-Induced Biochemical Alterations in Mulberry (Morus spp.) and Their Implications for Silkworm Nutrition

Gali Suresh — 2026-03-19

Mulberry (Morus spp.) is the primary host plant and the sole food source for the silkworm (Bombyx mori) making its leaf quality a critical determinant of silkworm growth, cocoon yield and silk quality. However, mulberry cultivation frequently encounters abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, high temperature and nutrient deficiencies which significantly affect plant physiological processes and metabolic functions. These stresses disrupt photosynthesis, nutrient assimilation, and metabolic balance leading to substantial alterations in leaf biochemical composition. Key biochemical constituents including proteins, soluble carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolic compounds, vitamins and antioxidant molecules undergo quantitative and qualitative changes under stress conditions. Such biochemical modifications influence the nutritional value of mulberry leaves and subsequently affect silkworm feeding efficiency, larval growth rate, digestive metabolism, cocoon weight, shell ratio and overall silk productivity. Additionally, stress-induced accumulation of osmolytes and activation of antioxidant defense systems in mulberry represent important adaptive responses but may also modify leaf palatability and nutrient availability for silkworms. Understanding the physiological and biochemical responses of mulberry to abiotic stresses is therefore essential for sustaining leaf quality and maintaining sericultural productivity under changing climatic conditions. This review summarizes current knowledge on mulberry stress-induced biochemical alterations and their implications for silkworm performance, while also highlighting future research directions for developing stress-resilient mulberry varieties and sustainable sericulture systems.

Alfalfa Biostimulated with Desmodesmus sp.: A Link between Effluent Treatment and Sustainable Agriculture to Improve Plant Growth and Quality

Quaife, Elba Susana — 2026-03-19

This study evaluated the application of algal biomass as a biostimulant in Medicago sativa (alfalfa). The biomass was obtained from the selection and cultivation of the microalga Desmodesmus sp., isolated from an urban river. This biomass was applied at different concentrations to alfalfa seeds: Control: irrigation with distilled water, treatments A (Ta), B (Tb), C (Tc) irrigation with 2.5% ,5% and 7.5% algal solution respectively and seedlings: control: distilled water and treatments A (Ta), B (Tb) C (Tc) 5%, 10%, 15% algal solution respectively. There were no significant differences in the germination parameters The statistically significant increase in radicle length, with a p<0.001, was observed in the treatment with 2.5% and 5% algae versus the control. Fresh root weight showed a significant increase in treatment A (5%) and B (10%) with values **p < 0.01 and *p < 0.05, respectively. Root length showed a highly significant increase in plants treated with solutions A, B and C (***p<0.001). Aerial dry weight showed a significant increase in treatment A and the root dry weight in treatments A and C compared to the control. The effect was beneficial for root and root elongation, root dry and fresh biomass, and leaf dry biomass; in addition to a significant increase in photosynthetic pigments, indicating greater photosynthetic activity. These results demonstrate that native microalgae cultivated in wastewater can function as effective biostimulants in alfalfa, offering a circular bioeconomy strategy that integrates environmental remediation with agricultural productivity.

Advances in Horticultural Crop Breeding: from Conventional Selection to Genomic and Genome-Editing Technologies

Yogesh V. Wayal — 2026-03-12

Horticultural crops-including fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, spices, and plantation crops-are essential to global food security, human nutrition, and agricultural economies. However, their genetic improvement has long been constrained by biological complexities such as polyploidy, extended juvenile phases, vegetative propagation, and narrow elite germplasm pools. This review synthesizes breeding strategies across major horticultural crops, tracing the progression from classical phenotypic selection to molecular marker-assisted approaches and advanced genome editing technologies. Conventional breeding established the genetic foundation for crop improvement through hybridization, backcrossing, mutation breeding, and heterosis exploitation. The integration of molecular markers (RFLPs, SSRs, SNPs) with marker-assisted selection (MAS), quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and genomic selection (GS) significantly enhanced breeding precision and efficiency. Advances in whole-genome sequencing, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and pan-genomics have further strengthened genomic resources for trait discovery and predictive breeding. More recently, CRISPR/Cas9 systems, including base editing and prime editing, have enabled precise targeted trait modification, demonstrated in applications such as extended shelf-life tomato, waxy-starch potato, Fusarium-resistant banana, and canker-resistant citrus. Despite these advances, challenges remain, including regulatory heterogeneity, transformation recalcitrance in elite genotypes, polyploid genome complexity, and public acceptance concerns. This review highlights critical research gaps and proposes an integrated breeding framework that combines classical genetics, genomic prediction, and precision genome editing to accelerate the development of climate-resilient, nutritionally enhanced, and commercially competitive horticultural crops.

Discerning Genetic Diversity in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Genotypes Using Morphological Descriptors and Molecular Markers

Nimita Kandwal — 2026-03-10

Background: Soybean is an important oilseed crop of India with 56% share in total oil production, whose improvement relied on the availability of diverse germplasm.

Aim: In order to find diverse genotypes of soybean for future breeding programs, a diversity study was conducted with 24 soybean genotypes using qualitative, quantitative traits and SSR markers.

Study of Design: The experiment was laid out at Crop Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in randomized block design with three replications during kharif 2017.

Methodology: The experimental material was planted in five rows per plot, each with a length of four meters spaced at 45 cm. Plant-to-plant distance was maintained at 5-7 cm after thinning.

Result: Among nine qualitative characters, hilum colour categorised genotypes into four groups. The estimated values of the PCV were higher than GCV with a narrow difference for all the characters studied. Harvest index showed the highest PCV (29.37%), GCV (28.07%), and genetic advance as per cent mean (55.30%) while days to maturity (93.44%) showed the highest heritability in a broad sense (h²_b). SSR characterization furnish total of 61 alleles, including unique alleles where the highest alleles and PIC values were found in 12 (Satt 281) and 0.922 (Satt 228), respectively. Based on qualitative traits, the UPGMA dendrogram categorised 24 genotypes in four major clusters, where genotypes PS1024 showed the highest diversity with Shilazeet, PK262, PS19 and UPSM534. Dendrogram of quantitative traits showed the maximum D² distance between genotypes of cluster IV and I. SSR dendrogram produced five clusters where the following genotypes (Alankar and PS23, PK1029 and PS20, PS20 and UPSM534) showed maximum diversity with each other. The clustering pattern did not have congruency at qualitative, quantitative and SSR characterisation levels. Nevertheless, few genotype pairs, i.e. Bragg and UPSM534, PS20 and PK1029, PS20 and UPSM534, PS1347 and UPSM534, shared a distinct clustering group in all three clustering patterns.

Conclusion: The combined morphological and molecular characterisation identified genetically diverse parental lines that can be effectively utilised in soybean breeding programmes aimed at yield improvement and genetic enhancement.

Effect of Sodium Alginate and Calcium Chloride Concentrations on Bead Size in Synthetic Seed Production of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

S. Deepthy — 2026-03-09

The success of synthetic seed technology depends on the physical properties of the encapsulation matrix, particularly bead size and uniformity. This study aimed to standardize sodium alginate and calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂.2H₂O) concentrations for optimal bead formation in Oryza sativa L. Synthetic seeds were produced using twelve treatment combinations of sodium alginate (2.5%, 3.5%, and 4.5%) and CaCl₂.2H₂O (50, 100, 150, and 200 mM). Bead size and textural integrity were evaluated. Results revealed a significant interaction between alginate and CaCl₂ concentrations on bead morphology. Bead diameter increased with alginate concentration but decreased marginally with higher CaCl₂ due to stronger cross-linking. The standardisation of encapsulation protocols is critical for achieving consistency in synthetic seed production across different plant species and developing commercially viable synthetic seed technology.

Temperature-Mediated Changes in Abscisic Acid Levels in Indian Mustard under Early, Timely and Late Sowing Environments in Doon Valley

Hari Om Tatsad — 2026-03-07

Temperature variability associated with different sowing environments significantly influences abscisic acid level and productivity in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). The present field study was conducted during the rabi seasons 2023–24 and 2024–25 in the Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, india to evaluate temperature-mediated changes in abscisic acid (ABA) levels under early, timely, and late sowing conditions. Five germplasms (Varuna, Kanti, Maya, Kranti, and Vardan) were assessed at vegetative and flowering stages. ABA was extracted from fresh leaf tissue and quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

Results indicated that timely sowing, associated with comparatively cooler temperature patterns (~13/5°C and ~25/9°C), consistently recorded higher ABA accumulation than early (~26/12°C) and late (~28/13°C) sowing. During 2023–24, timely sowing exhibited an average ABA level of 8.13 µg/g compared to 6.37 µg/g under early sowing. Similarly, in 2024–25, timely sowing recorded 7.62 µg/g, significantly higher than late sowing (5.30 µg/g). ANOVA confirmed a highly significant effect of sowing environment on ABA levels (F = 40.09 and 56.02; p < 0.01). Genotypic variation was evident, with Maya consistently exhibiting the highest ABA accumulation, whereas Kanti and Vardan showed relatively stable abscisic acid regulation under temperature fluctuations.

A positive association between ABA concentration and oil yield per plant was observed under timely sowing in both seasons, while oil content (%) showed minimal variation. Reduced ABA levels under early and late sowing corresponded with yield decline, suggesting that ABA-mediated physiological regulation contributes to productivity under favourable thermal conditions.

Overall, the study demonstrates that ABA biosynthesis in Indian mustard is highly temperature sensitive, and timely sowing under cooler conditions enhances hormonal accumulation and yield performance. Sowing time thus serves as a critical agronomic factor influencing hormonal dynamics and stress adaptation under field conditions.

Autoregression Prediction Model for Grape Anthracnose

M. Mohammad Gouse — 2026-03-04

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is an economically important fruit crop, but its production is severely affected by anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, commonly known as bird’s eye spot. The present investigation was conducted at the Horticultural Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, during the Kharif seasons of 2024 and 2025 to study disease progression and to develop a prediction model for grape anthracnose in the susceptible cultivar Thompson Seedless. Disease severity was recorded at weekly intervals using a 0-4 rating scale and expressed as Per cent Disease Index (PDI). Simultaneously, weekly weather data were collected from the Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichur. Anthracnose appeared during the 27^thand 24^thstandard meteorological weeks in 2024 and 2025, respectively, and gradually increased to 100 per cent severity by the end of the season. Observed PDI ranged from 8.50 to 100.00 per cent in 2024 and from 7.13 to 100.00 per cent in 2025. A first-order autoregressive model was developed to predict disease progression, which showed close agreement between observed and predicted PDI values, particularly during the mid-season period. The developed models exhibited high autocorrelation coefficients (R = 0.953 in 2024 and R = 0.891 in 2025), indicating a strong temporal relationship in disease development. The study demonstrates that an autoregressive approach can effectively describe the progression pattern of grape anthracnose under field conditions.

Influence of Integrated Organic, Inorganic and Biological Nutrient Sources with Phytosterols on Fruit Quality of Banana (Musa spp. cv. Poovan)

M. Karunya Bala — 2026-02-27

A study was carried out to evaluate the influence of integrated organic, inorganic and biological nutrient sources with phytosterols on fruit quality of banana (Musa spp. cv. Poovan). This study is with ten treatments which includes the combination of Bio NPK liquid consortia 5ml per litre with different levels of vermicompost (4kg, 8kg per plant), neem cake (1kg, 2 kg per plant), campesterol and stigmasterol (0.1%, 0.2%) and inorganic fertilizer at three different levels such as (RDF 100%, RDF 75%, RDF 50%) arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The results showed that (T₉) 75% RDF + Vermicompost @ 4 kg plant⁻¹ + Neem cake @ 1 kg plant⁻¹ + Bio NPK liquid consortia 5ml per litre + Campesterol & Stigmasterol (SL) @ 0.2% demonstrated superior performance across all parameters such as TSS (23.59 ºBrix), Total sugars (22.39%), Reducing sugars (19.11 %), Non-reducing sugars (3.28%), Ascorbic acid (13.72 100mg per g) with reducing Titrable acidity (0.34 %), Sugar: acid ratio (65.85). T₁ - RDF 100% (Control) exhibited the lowest performance.

Two Roads to Gene Discovery: A Comprehensive Review of Forward and Reverse Genetics

S. Adithya Rajendran — 2026-02-27

The advancement of genomics has reshaped the process of gene discovery, integrating both forward and reverse genetic strategies to elucidate gene function and regulation. Forward genetics progresses from phenotype to genotype, identifying genes responsible for specific traits through mutagenesis, phenotypic screening, and mapping techniques such as QTL analysis and positional cloning. In contrast, reverse genetics begins with a known gene sequence and determines its function through targeted alterations using approaches like TILLING, EcoTILLING, RNA interference (RNAi), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and homologous recombination. Recent developments in genome-editing technologies, including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR/Cas system, have enabled precise, efficient, and cost-effective genetic modifications. Each approach offers distinct advantages and limitations, depending on species, research objectives, and available resources. The convergence of forward and reverse genetics, coupled with next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics, provides an integrated framework for functional genomics, enabling rapid identification, validation, and manipulation of genes associated with desirable agronomic traits, thereby accelerating plant breeding and crop improvement.

Perspectives on Genome Editing Techniques

Kolli Leela Bhavani — 2026-02-26

Genome editing has emerged as a revolutionary technique for precise and efficient crop improvement. It allows for specific genetic alterations without the complications associated with traditional breeding. Functional genomics and precision breeding have accelerated as a result of the technologies that employ site-directed nucleases, including zinc finger nucleases, TALENs, and particularly CRISPR/Cas systems. These strategies make it easy to insert, delete, and substitute nucleotides. Recent advances, such as base editing and prime editing, further enhance accuracy by enabling predictable modifications without causing double-strand breaks. In Indian agriculture, genome editing is critical for accelerating crop improvement. This is particularly critical in the era of climate change, emerging pests and diseases, inefficient resource use, and nutritional deficits. It has been widely employed to increase biotic and abiotic stress resistance, as well as to improve yield, nutritional quality, and climate resilience. For example, rice grain yield has increased by 10% to 20% when CRISPR/Cas9 has been employed to modify genes linked to yield. Concurrently, precise changes in stress-responsive genes have increased drought and salinity tolerance by up to 30% in controlled conditions. Despite concerns about delivery efficiency, off-target impacts, and public perception, continuous technology advancements and clearer laws make genome editing an essential component of sustainable and resilient agriculture.

Enhancing Growth and Flowering through Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa during Ambe bahar

Ranjith. R. K — 2026-02-16

The study was carried out on pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa to investigate the efficacy of integrated nutrient management on growth and flowering attributes during the Ambe bahar season of 2023-24. The present investigation was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications consisting of eleven treatments using different inorganic and organic nutrient sources viz., RDF (625:250:250g NPK per tree), poultry manure, bio NPK consortium, bio-stimulants (Seaweed extract and Humic acid) and micronutrient mix. The results revealed that maximum increase in plant height (35.33 cm), increase in plant spread E-W (23.56 cm), increase in plant spread N-S (20.98 cm), increase in canopy volume (1.58 m³), minimum days taken for flower bud initiation (27.61 days), highest percentage of male flowers (48.41%) and percentage of hermaphrodite flowers (45.81%) was recorded in treatment of trees with 75% RDF + Poultry manure @ 10 kg tree^-1 + Bio NPK consortium @ 10 ml tree^-1+ Bio-stimulants (foliar spray of seaweed extract @ 0.3% and humic acid @ 0.2%) + Micronutrient foliar spray @ 1 %. The findings suggest that optimized nutrient scheduling through integrated use of RDF, organic manures, biofertilizers, bio-stimulants and micronutrients enhances vegetative growth and flowering performance of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa.

Genetic transformation of Nucleotide Binding Site- Leucine Rich Repeat (NBS-LRR) of Mi Gene for Developing Resistance against Meloidogyne Incognita in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon)

Ankita Mishra — 2026-02-11

Tomato suffers from numerous diseases primarily caused by fungi, bacteria, and nematodes. Nematodes are identified as a highly lethal infectious agent that results in significant yield reductions. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are major factors causing significant global spread, resulting in a 42% yearly yield loss in tomato plants. Present management of root-knot nematodes is inadequate and requires enhancement through the integration of multiple pest control strategies. The work aimed at the molecular isolation of the tomato ‘Nucleotide Binding Site-Leucine Rich Repeat (NBS-LRR)’ region of Mi gene, which confers resistance to root-knot nematodes, a group of widespread plant pathogens. The present investigation was carried out at the Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology, Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory and in collaboration with the Department of Nematology, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. Mi gene confers resistance to root-knot nematodes. Developing transgenic plants is an effective approach for improving tolerance to biotic stresses. To address these issues, the study isolated the NBS-LRR related sequence of Migene from nematode-resistant tomato cultivarSL-120 by a direct gene isolation method, designing and validating Mi gene-specific primers in resistant tomato cultivars using various software and Agrobacterium mediated transformation of Mi gene in susceptible tomato cultivars. Besides its practical implications, the isolation of the disease resistance locus is expected to shed light on the nature of host resistance and to provide material for molecular studies.

Assessment of Genetic Variability and Diversity in Desi Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes Using Multivariate Analysis

S. Neelima — 2026-02-10

The current research study in chickpea programme was aimed to determine variability and genetic diversity in 24 desi genotypes raised at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal in a Randomized Block Design during Rabi 2024 - 25. The traits studied were days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, final plant stand, plant height, number of pods per plant and seed yield. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) study revealed existence of significant exploitable variation for all the traits. Moderate estimates of PCV and low GCV were noticed for seed yield coupled with moderate heritability and genetic advance. Diversity study through Principle Component Analysis implied two principal components with eigen values more than one i.e., PC1 and PC2 describes 38.6% and 19.69% respectively with a cumulative effect of 58.30% of the total variation. The 24 chickpea genotypes were grouped in three clusters based on different traits using Ward’s method of clustering, in which cluster III is the largest with 15 entries. The genotypes NBeG 2049, NBeG 2110, NBeG 2106, NBeG 2120, NBeG 2051 were found to be promising entries as they were more diverse in performance of different traits and high yielding as well and can be used for improvement of yield and its attributing traits in chickpea breeding programme.

Synergistic Inputs for Enhanced Citrus Nutrition: An Integrated Management Approach on Growth and Yield of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) cv. Sathgudi

Dhivya Shree. T — 2026-02-07

Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), valued for its health benefits and flavour, requires balanced nutrition for optimal productivity. A field study was conducted on the 'Sathgudi' variety to evaluate the impact of synergistic inputs for the enhanced citrus nutrition - an integrated management approach on growth and yield of sweet orange. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with ten treatments, replicated thrice. Treatments involved various combinations of farmyard manure (FYM), recommended chemical fertilizers (RDF), Arka Citrus Special, the bio-inoculant B. velezensis and proprietary nutrient blends applied through soil and foliar methods. Results showed that treatment (T₁₀), which combined FYM with a citrus nutrient pack (in both soil and foliar application) as nutrient spray with B. velezensis was the most effective. This synergistic approach recorded the highest values across all measured parameters, including incremental plant height of (35.28 cm pooled), incremental plant spread N-S of (45.32 cm pooled) and incremental plant spread E-W (45.73 cm pooled). Yield parameters such as fruit weight of (241.91 g in pooled), number of fruits per tree (255.28 in pooled), yield in kg per tree of (61.75 kg/ha) and total yield as (17.17 t/ha in pooled). This study concludes that the synergistic application of organic, inorganic and bio inoculant constitutes a superior integrated management strategy for enhancing the growth and yield of sweet orange.