A MYSTICAL PLANT Azadirachta indica USED AS PHYTOMEDICINE: STATE-OF-THE-ART

PDF

Published: 2021-12-26

Page: 575-583


DIVYA PRAKASH

School of Biological Engineering and Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur, Uttar-Pradesh, India

MANSI SAINI

School of Biological Engineering and Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur, Uttar-Pradesh, India

NAMITOSH TYAGI

School of Biological Engineering and Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur, Uttar-Pradesh, India

AYUSH MADAN

School of Biological Engineering & Life Sciences, Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology, NH-58, Modipuram, Meerut, UP-250110. India

RAJIV DUTTA *

School of Biological Engineering & Life Sciences, Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology, NH-58, Modipuram, Meerut, UP-250110. India

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.


Abstract

Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, a wonder plant offers solutions to almost all the health and environmental related problems of human beings. The bark, leaves and seeds are used to make medicine. This review includes a detailed analysis of its physical, chemical properties and also addresses the utility of various parts. It also encompasses its bioadsorption and various pharmacological properties. With has so many unbelievable qualities, recently Azadirachta indica also had its impact during Covid-19 pandemic for home remedies with wonderful results. It is well known that it works without any side effects (in adequate amount) as compared to other popular treatments. In this review, we also focused its anti-viral quality for the benefit of the society at large.

Keywords: Bioadsorption properties, pharmacological potential, cancer treatment, COVID-19


How to Cite

PRAKASH, D., SAINI, M., TYAGI, N., MADAN, A., & DUTTA, R. (2021). A MYSTICAL PLANT Azadirachta indica USED AS PHYTOMEDICINE: STATE-OF-THE-ART. PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 22(71-72), 575–583. Retrieved from https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/7356

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Kumar VS, Navaratnam V. Neem (Azadirachta indica): Prehistory to contemporary medicinal uses to humankind. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2013;3(7):505-514.

Rates SMK. Plants as source of drugs. Toxicon. 2001;39(5):603-613.

Girish K, Shankara BS. Neem–a green treasure. Electronic journal of Biology. 2008;4(3):102-111.

Roshan A, Verma NK. A brief study on neem (Azarrdirachta indica A.) and its application–A review. Research Journal of Phytomedicine. 2009;1(1):01-03.

Kumar VS, Navaratnam V. Neem (Azadirachta indica): Prehistory to contemporary medicinal uses to humankind. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2013;3(7):505-514.

Kanitkar PM, Subramanian S, Deshpande N, Shirish K, Patil MD. Neem (Azadiracta indica) a possible silver bullet in COVID 19. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020;1105-1109.

Maithani A, Parcha V, Pant G, Dhulia I, Kumar D. Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf: A review. J Pharm Res. 2011;4(6):1824-1827.

National Research Council. Neem: a tree for solving global problems. The Minerva Group, Inc; 2002.

Singh H, Kaur M, Dhillon JS, Batra M, Khurana J. (Neem: a magical herb in endodontics. Stomatological Disease and Science. 2017;1:50-54.

Ravindhranath K, Reddy BS. Leaves and barks of some plants as bio-adsorbents in the control of methylene blue dye from waste waters. International Journal of ChemTech Research. 2014; 6(14):5612-5624.

Das R, Mukherjee A, Sinha I, Roy K, Dutta BK. Synthesis of potential bio-adsorbent from Indian Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) and its optimization for malachite green dye removal from industrial wastes using response surface methodology: kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic studies. Applied Water Science. 2020;10(5):1-18.

Arshad M, Zafar MN, Younis S, Nadeem R. The use of Neem biomass for the biosorption of zinc from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2008;157(2-3):534-540.

Bharali RK, Bhattacharyya KG. Biosorption of fluoride on Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2015;3(2):662-669.

Bhattacharyya KG, Sharma A. Adsorption of Pb (II) from aqueous solution by Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf powder. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2004;113(1-3):97-109.

Sharma A, Bhattacharyya KG. Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf powder as a biosorbent for removal of Cd (II) from aqueous medium. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2005;125(1-3):102-112.

Subapriya R, Nagini S. Medicinal properties of neem leaves: a review. Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents. 2005;5(2):149-156

Gupta SC, Prasad S, Tyagi AK, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB. Neem (Azadirachta indica): An indian traditional panacea with modern molecular basis. Phytomedicine. 2017; 34:14-20.

Pu ZH, Zhang YQ, Yin ZQ, Jiao XU, Jia RY, Yang LU, Fan YANG. Antibacterial activity of 9-octadecanoic acid-hexadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3, 4-diyl ester from neem oil. Agricultural Sciences in China. 2010;9(8):1236-1240.

Zhang YQ, Xu J, Yin ZQ, Jia RY, Lu Y, Yang F, et al. et al. Isolation and identification of the active antibacterial compound from petroleum ether extract of neem oil. Fitoterapia. 2010;81(7): 747–750.

Elavarasu S, Abinaya P, Elanchezhiyan S. Evaluation of anti-plaque microbial activity of Azadirachta indica (neem oil) in vitro: A pilot study. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences. 2012;4 (Suppl 2):S394.

Ghosh V, Sugumar S, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Neem (Azadirachta indica) oils. In Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Academic Press. 2016;593-599.

Chatterjee R, Singh O, Pachuau L, Malik SP, Paul M, Bhadra K, Banerjee S. Identification of a sulfonoquinovosyldiacylglyceride from Azadirachta indica and studies on its cytotoxic activity and DNA binding properties. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2010;20(22):6699-6702.

Elumalai P, Gunadharini DN, Senthilkumar K, Banudevi S, Arunkumar R, Benson CS, Arunakaran J. Ethanolic neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf extract induces apoptosis and inhibits the IGF signaling pathway in breast cancer cell lines. Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition. 2012;2(1):59-68.

Aravindan S, Natarajan M, Herman TS, Awasthi V, Aravindan N. Molecular basis of ‘hypoxic’breast cancer cell radio-sensitization: phytochemicals converge on radiation induced Rel signaling. Radiation Oncology. 2013;8(1):1-12.

Elumalai P, Gunadharini DN, Senthilkumar K, Banudevi S, Arunkumar R, Benson CS, Arunakaran J. Induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by nimbolide through extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. Toxicology Letters. 2012;215(2):131-142.

Srivastava P, Yadav N, Lella R, Schneider A, Jones A, Marlowe T, Chandra D. Neem oil limonoids induces -independent apoptosis and autophagy. Carcinogenesis. 2012;33(11):2199-2207.

Paul R, Prasad M, Sah NK. Anticancer biology of Azadirachta indica L (neem): a mini review. Cancer Biology & Therapy. 2011;12(6):467-476.

Veeraraghavan J, Natarajan M, Lagisetty P, Awasthi V, Herman TS, Aravindan N. Impact of curcumin, raspberry extract, and neem leaf extract on rel protein-regulated cell death/radiosensitization in pancreatic cancer cells. Pancreas. 2012;40(7):1107-1119.

Mahapatra S, Karnes RJ, Holmes MW, Young CY, Cheville JC, Kohli M, Donkena KV. Novel molecular targets of Azadirachta indica associated with inhibition of tumor growth in prostate cancer. The AAPS Journal. 2011;13(3):365-377.

Thas JJ. Siddha medicine- Background and principles and the application for skin diseases. Clinics in Dermatology. 2008;26(1):62-78.

Mukherjee AK, Doley R, Saikia D. Isolation of a snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor (AIPLAI) from leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem): Mechanism of PLA2 inhibition by AIPLAI in vitro condition. Toxicon. 2008;51(8):1548-1553.

Bandyopadhyay U, Biswas K, Sengupta A, Moitra P, Dutta P, Sarkar D, Banerjee RK. Clinical studies on the effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) bark extract on gastric secretion and gastroduodenal ulcer. Life Sciences. 2004;75(24):2867-2878.

Abdel-Ghaffar F, Al-Quraishy S, Al-Rasheid KA, Mehlhorn H. Efficacy of a single treatment of head lice with a neem seed extract: an in vivo and in vitro study on nits and motile stages. Parasitology Research. 2012;110(1):277-280.

Luong K, Dunkel FV, Coulibaly K, Beckage NE. Potential use of neem leaf slurry as a sustainable dry season management strategy to control the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in west African villages. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2014;49(6);1361-1369.

Riar SS, Devakumar C, Sawhney RC, Ilavazhagan G, Bardhan J, Kain AK, Parshad R. Antifertility activity of volatile fraction of neem oil. Contraception. 1991;44(3):319-326.

Upadhyay SN, Kaushic C, Talwar GP. Antifertility effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil by single intrauterine administration: a novel method for contraception. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 1990;242(1305):175-179.

Shokeen P, Bala M, Tandon V. Evaluation of the activity of 16 medicinal plants against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2009;33(1):86-91.

Lee JW, Ryu HW, Park SY, Park HA, Kwon OKYuk HJ, Ahn KS. Protective effects of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) leaf extract against cigarette smoke-and lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation. International journal of molecular medicine. 2017;40(6):1932-1940.

Alzohairy MA. Mohammad A. Alzohairy, Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016, Article ID 7382506.

Available:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7382506

Alam A, Haldar S, Thulasiram HV, Kumar R, Goyal M, Iqbal MS, Bandyopadhyay U. Novel anti-inflammatory activity of epoxyazadiradione against macrophage migration inhibitory factor: inhibition of tautomerase and proinflammatory activities of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2012;287(29):24844-24861.

Thoh M, Babajan B, Raghavendra PB, Sureshkumar C, Manna SK. Azadirachtin interacts with retinoic acid receptors and inhibits retinoic acid-mediated biological responses. J Biol Chem. 2011; 286(6):4690–4702.

Thoh M, Kumar P, Nagarajaram HA, Manna SK. Azadirachtin interacts with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) binding domain of its receptors and inhibits TNF-induced biological responses. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2010;285(8):5888-5895

Ouerfelli M, Villasante J, Ben Kaâb LB, Almajano M. Effect of neem (Azadirachta indica L.) on lipid oxidation in raw chilled beef patties. Antioxidants. 2010;8(8):305.

Manikandan P, Anandan R, Nagini S. Evaluation of Azadirachta indica leaf fractions for in vitro antioxidant potential and protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative damage to pBR322 DNA and red blood cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2010;57(15):6990-6996.

Faccin-Galhardi LC, Yamamoto KA, Ray S, Ray B, Linhares REC, Nozawa C. The in vitro antiviral property of Azadirachta indica polysaccharides for poliovirus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2012;142(1):86-90.

Saha S, Galhardi LC, Yamamoto KA, Linhares REC, Bandyopadhyay SS, Sinha S, Ray B. Water-extracted polysaccharides from Azadirachta indica leaves: Structural features, chemical modification and anti-bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2010;47(5):640-645.

Xu J, Song X, Yin ZQ, Cheng AC, Jia RY, Deng,YX, Zhang W. Antiviral activity and mode of action of extracts from neem seed kernel against duck plague virus in vitro. Poultry Science. 2012; 91(11):2802-2807.

Tiwari V, Darmani NA, Yue BY, Shukla D. In vitro antiviral activity of neem (Azardirachta indica L.) bark extract against herpes simplex virus type‐1 infection. Phytotherapy Research. 2021; 24(8):1132-1140.

Nesari TM, Bhardwaj A, Shrikrishna R, Ruknuddin G, Ghildiyal S, Das A, Barde M. Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) Capsules for Prophylaxis of COVID-19 Infection: A Pilot, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2021;(S1):196-203.

Kumar KA, Sharma M, Dalal V, Singh V, Tomar S, Kumar P. Multifunctional Inhibitors of SARS CoV2 by MM/PBSA, Essential dynamics, and Molecular dynamic investigations. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling. 2021;107969.

Baildya N, Khan AA, Ghosh NN, Dutta T, Chattopadhyay AP. Screening of potential drug from Azadirachta Indica (Neem) extracts for SARS-CoV-2: an insight from molecular docking and MD-simulation studies. Journal of molecular structure. 2021;1227:129390.

Bhargava AI, Anand M, Sharma A, Saji J, Sihag J, Prakash D. Uses of Bio-adsorbents for The Purification of water: A Step towards the Welfare of Human Society; Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019;12(10):4803-4806. DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00830.8