Biotechnology Frontiers in 21st Century Agriculture: A Comprehensive Review
M. Ramachandra Naik
Department of Botany, BLDEA`s, S.B Arts and K.C.P Science College, Vijayapur-586103, Karnataka, India. b Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nashik, India.
Sagar Kashinath Khokale
*
Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nashik, India.
B. S. Ravishankar
Department of Zoology, BLDEA's, Commerce, BHS Arts & TGP Science College, Jamkhandi Taluk, Bagalkot District, Karnataka State, India.
Sandeep `Rout
Sri Sri University, Cuttack, Odisha-754006, India.
Narinder Panotra
Institute of Biotechnology, SKUAST, Jammu and Kashmir, 180009, India.
Suvidha Mishra
Institute of Agriculture Sciences, SAGE University, Indore, India.
Lalit Upadhyay
SKUAST, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Vimal Kumar
School of Agricultural Sciences, IIMT University, Meerut, India.
Shubham Gupta
School of Agricultural Sciences and Engine, IFTM University, India.
Akash Yadav
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, (U.P.), India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Agricultural biotechnology has emerged as a critical frontier in addressing the multifaceted challenges of 21st-century food systems, driven by a growing global population and the intensifying impacts of climate change. This review explores the transformative potential of modern biological tools, including genetic engineering, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, and multi-omics integration, in enhancing crop resilience and productivity. By synthesizing current research, the paper highlights how these technologies mitigate both biotic stresses, such as viral and fungal pathogens, and abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures. Beyond yield enhancement, biotechnology plays a pivotal role in nutritional biofortification and environmental stewardship, notably through the reduction of synthetic pesticide reliance and the sequestration of carbon emissions. The analysis further discusses the transition toward a circular bio-economy, utilizing agricultural residues for bio-refining and biodegradable packaging. However, the global adoption of these innovations remains uneven, hindered by stringent regulatory frameworks, public safety concerns, and policy lags in developing regions.1 To realize the goal of a sustainable "Evergreen Revolution," the review emphasizes the necessity of harmonized biosafety guidelines and the integration of artificial intelligence with molecular breeding. Ultimately, biotechnology stands as an indispensable pillar for ensuring global food security, offering precise solutions to maintain ecological balance while meeting the demands of a projected population of nine billion by 2030.
Keywords: Agricultural biotechnology, CRISPR-Cas9, food security, climate resilience, genetic engineering, sustainable agriculture, biofortification