SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF Acacia senegal GARDENS TO SMALL-SCALE OF GUM ARABIC PRODUCERS IN ENNUHUD LOCALITY, WEST KORDOFAN, SUDAN
S. O. TUTU
Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, Elobeid, Sudan.
M. Y. A. ELNOUR
Forest National Corporation, West Kordofan State, Sudan.
I. E. IBRAHIM
Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, Elobeid, Sudan.
H. E. ADAM
Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, Elobeid, Sudan.
H. M. A. ELAMIN
Institute of Gum Arabic Research and Desertification Studies, University of Kordofan, Elobeid, Sudan.
M. E. S. ELTAHIR *
Institute of Gum Arabic Research and Desertification Studies, University of Kordofan, Elobeid, Sudan.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The study was carried out during 2017 – 2018 in Ennuhud Locality, West Kordofan Sudan to assess socio-economic profile and silvicultural practices of small-scale gum Arabic producers. Questionnaires were distributed randomly to 186 respondents in 10 villages (out of 100 villages) and associated with personal interviews and key informant methods. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The results revealed that the majority of the respondents (68.3%) were farmers and gum producers who applied traditional silvicultural practices. The yield of gum Arabic was estimated by 37% and 43.9% of respondents as 1.3 - 1.7 kg/tree and 2.2 kg/tree, respectively. The study revealed that production of gum contributed to the producers' income by less than 5,000SDG and 5,000 – 10,000SDG as 47.3% and 46.2%, respectively as mentioned by responds more (62.9%) of them mentioned that the expenses of gum tapping were 3,500 SDG/8.03ha. Pests was mentioned as main factor (42.5%) affecting gum Arabic production. A significant positive correlation (R = 0.532) between gum production area and total garden area was observed, while a negative correlation (R = - 0.011) was found between costs of collection and average gum production (P= 0.01). In addition, majority (96.8%)f the respondents used their financial returns for the rehabilitation. With regard to the registration of Gum Arabic Producers Association, about 60.2% of the respondents completed the registration process. The study recommended the practice of private plantation rehabilitation process using high-yielding varieties, high advanced tapping tools and capacity building, which is considered as most developed opportunity to local communities in semi-arid areas.
Keywords: Gum Arabic, silvicultural practices, socio-economic characteristics, small-scale producers
How to Cite
Downloads
References
Ibnaof M, Salih AA, Mohamed KE, Mohamed AA, Tom BM, Shomo FI, et al. The Economic valuation of Ecosystems and Biodiversity Finance and its main streaming into National Development Policy and Planning, Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Physical Development Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources, National Biodiversity Planning to Support the Implementation of the CBD 2011-2020 Strategic Plan in the Republic of Sudan; 2013.Taha, Mohamed El Nour, Jürgen Pretzsch, Muneer E Siddig, Taisser HH Deafalla, aHatim MA Elamin. Valuation of the Environmental Role of Acacia Senegal Tree in the Gum Belt of Kordofan and the Blue Nile Sectors, Sudan in Gum Arabic: Structure, Properties, Application and Economics. Elsevier. 2018;23–28.
Balla ME. Acacia senegal: A multi-purpose tree species for Arid and Semi-arid Tropics. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Wales, United Kingdom; 1991.
Abu Bakr, El Siddig Ahmed Eltohami. Threats to Green Gum Arabic Production in Sudan. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research. 2018;3(5):3526–30.
Abtew, Asmamaw Alemu, Jürgen Pretzsch, Laura Secco, Tarig Elshikh Mohamod. Contribution of Small-Scale Gum and Resin Commercialization to Local Livelihood and Rural Economic Development in the Drylands of Eastern Africa. Forests. 2014;5(5):952–77.
Tutu Salih Omer, Ibrahim Elnour Ibrahim, Yahia Ibrahim, Mohamed Abutabaa, Hassan Elnour Adam, Mohamed Ahmed Elamin, et al. Contribution of Gum Arabic Products to Rural Household Income in Sheikan Locality of North Kordofan State, Sudan. International Journal of Innovative Trends in Engineering (IJITE). 2019;59(1):1–8.
SeifEldin AG. The Study of the Formation of Gum Arabic in Relation to the Anatomy of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. Sudan Silva Forests National Corporation Headquarter, Khartoum, Sudan FAO. 1982,1978;24(IV).
United Nation Environmental Program (UNEP). Environmental Governance in Sudan. An Expert Review. Nairobi, United Nations Environment Program; 2012.
Nasroun TH. Principles of forestry and their applications in arid zones. Dar Aalam Al-kutub, Riyadh. 2000;326. (in Arabic).
En Hud Locality. Annual Reports. Information Center, Ennuhud Locality, West Kordofan State, Sudan; 2015.
Ibrahim, Mohammed Osman Hassan. Assessment of Gum Arabic Marketing System in Main Auction Markets of North Kordofan State-Sudan. Faculty of Agriculture, Khartoum University; 2008.
Giroth DY, Valla W, Mohammed A, Peter O. Analysis of the Technical Inefficiency of Gum Arabic Based Cropping Patterns among Farmers in the Gum Arabic Belt of Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences (Pakistan). 2008;4(3):125–28.
Bello, Abdel Raouf Suleiman. Impact of Socioeconomic Characteristics Local Community on Forests Outside Protected Areas of Sudan. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal. 2016;3(13):212–23.
Mohamed, Abdalla Gaafar. Improvement of Traditional Acacia Senegal Agroforestry: Ecophysiological Characteristics as Indicators for Tree-Crop Interaction on Sandy Soil in Western Sudan. University of Helsink, Finland; 2005.
Balla ME, El Siddig EA, Elfad MA, Luukkanen O, O.Luukkanen ME, Ballal EA, et al. Gum Arabic Yield in Differently Managed Acacia senegal Stands in Western Sudan. Agroforestry Forum. 2005;63:237– 45.
Taha Mohamed El Nour, Pretzsch Jurgen. Socio-Economic Role of Acacia senegal to Sustainable Development of Rural Areas in the Gum Belt of Sudan. P. 54321 in Tropentag, September 17-19, 2013, Stuttgart-Hohenheim Agricultural development within the rural-urban continuum. Stuttgart-Hohenheim; 2013.
Wekesaa C, Chikamaib BN, Muturic GM, Lelonc JK, Mugac MO, Luvanda AM. Gum Arabic Production Potential of Naturally Growing Acacia senegal Varities in Kenyan Drylands. Octa Journal of Environmental Research. 2015;3(1):100–111.
Taha ME, Eldwwari RA, Bekele T. Role of some Cultural Aspects in Forest Resources Utilization and Conservation in Sheikan Locality-North Kordofan State-Sudan. University of Kordofan Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies. 2015; 1(2):39-59.
Gaafar AM. Improvement of traditional Acacia senegal agroforestry: Ecophysiological characteristics as indicators for tree-crop interaction on sandy soil in western Sudan. Doctoral thesis, University of Helsinki, Tropical Forestry Report no. 26. 2005;100.
Fadipe AEA, Adenuga AH, Lawal A. Analysis of Income Determinants among Rural Households in Kwara State, Nigeria. Trakia Journal of Sciences. 2014; 4:400-404.
Eldin Kama, Mohammed Fad, Abass Ali, Kamal Eldin, Mohammed Fad, Abass Ali, et al. Evaluation of 15 Acacia Senegal Seed Provenances at the Nursery Stage and under Field Condition for Rehabilitation of the Degraded Land of the Gum Arabic Belt in North Kordofan State, Sudan. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 2014;X(X):12.
GAC. Gum Arabic Company annual reports (An official statement compiling reports for the years 1970-2009. GAC Research Unit, Khartoum, Sudan; 2006.
Omondi Stephen F, David W Odee, George O Ongamo, James I Kanya, Damase P Khasa. Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances on Natural Regeneration and Population Structure of Gum Arabic Tree (Acacia senegal) in the Woodlands of Lake Baringo Ecosystem, Kenya. Journal of Forestry Research. 2017; 28(4):775–85.
Tarig EM, Mohamed ET, Hassan EA, Abdelateif HI, Jürgen P, Eckhard A, Awad Elkareem SK, et al. Recent Changes in Local Marketing Patterns of Gum Arabic in Kordofan, Sudan. Journal of Agricultural Science and Engineering. 2016;2(6):46-56.
ISSN: 2381-6821 (Print); ISSN: 2381-6848 (Online).