Crop–weather Correlation on Crop Growth and Productivity in Maize and Onion Cropping Systems: A Review
Amit M. Pujar *
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Uttara Kannada, India.
Harish D. K.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Uttara Kannada, India.
Sanjeevakumar Yeledahalli
Grameen Krishi Mousam Yojana, University of Agriculture Sciences, Dharwad-580008, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Crop growth and productivity are largely governed by prevailing weather conditions, particularly temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Variability in these parameters affects physiological processes, phenological development, and yield formation in crops. Maize (Zea mays L.), a widely cultivated C₄ cereal, and onion (Allium cepa L.), an important vegetable crop with a shallow root system, respond differently to weather fluctuations due to their contrasting growth habits and climatic requirements. In maize–onion cropping systems, understanding crop–weather correlations is essential for improving resource-use efficiency, minimizing climate-related risks, and ensuring sustainable productivity under changing climatic scenarios.
Aims: To review the influence of major weather parameters on growth, phenology, and productivity of maize and onion and analyse crop–weather relationships at critical growth stages of both crops.
Methodology: The review is based on a comprehensive analysis of published literature, including research articles, review papers, and agrometeorological studies related to maize and onion. Information was synthesised on the effects of temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, solar radiation, and weather-based indices such as growing degree days (GDD), heliothermal units (HTU), and photothermal units (PTU) on crop growth and yield. Comparative evaluation was carried out to identify common and contrasting crop–weather responses in maize and onion cropping systems.
Discussion: The analysis revealed that maize growth and yield are strongly influenced by temperature and moisture availability, with optimum weather conditions enhancing biomass accumulation and grain yield. Accumulation of heat units showed a positive correlation with phenological development and productivity, whereas extreme temperatures and moisture stress during tasseling and grain filling caused significant yield losses. Onion growth and bulb development were found to be highly sensitive to temperature, photoperiod, and soil moisture.
Conclusion: Crop–weather correlations play a vital role in determining growth and productivity of maize and onion. Adoption of agrometeorological tools, optimized sowing schedules, and climate-smart practices can help mitigate weather-related risks and enhance productivity in maize–onion cropping systems under variable climatic conditions.
Keywords: Crop–weather relationship, maize, onion, weather parameters, cropping system, climate resilience